The 20-year-old, who spent the second half of last season in League Two with Morecambe, has been closely observed this summer.
The acquisition was initially stalled due to his pre-season form with the Latics, who were waiting to bring in their own recruits.
He then sustained a minor injury, but has been back in full training for the past couple of weeks.
Adams is now the ninth signing of the window and will wear the number 25 shirt.He said, “I’m excited to be here. I’ve waited a long time over the summer and preseason, but I’m glad to be here now.
“I’m excited to start and ready to make an impact here. “Hopefully, we will have a successful season.”
Adams was born in Guernsey and relocated to Southampton as a child, where he signed for Eastleigh at the under-16 level.
He made a permanent move to Wigan in 2022, but has yet to play for the Latics.
Adams went on loan to Morecambe in January, making 21 appearances and scoring twice.
City manager Graham Alexander added: “We had to be patient waiting for Joe to join us, but we are delighted he is now here.
“His ball skills and running abilities will be a valuable asset to our team.
“He is another player hungry to be successful and I am sure his character and qualities will impress everyone.”
